пятница, 29 апреля 2022 г.

News updates 30/04/2022 31

Le pouvoir engendre toujours la rivalité. Le Moyen Age est passé sous le signe des luttes sans fin entre barons, ducs, rois et empereurs. Et il arrivait souvent que le point de départ d'une telle confrontation ne soit pas les terres - ajouteront-ils - mais le pouvoir lui-même, le droit à la suprématie dans le système hiérarchique complexe de la société. Pour cela, pendant des siècles, les parents les plus proches et les parents éloignés, qui avaient au moins un droit relatif d'être au pouvoir, se sont égorgés. La lutte de différentes familles royales pour le trône à l'aide d'armes, de tromperie, de corruption et de trahison - guerres dynastiques. Il est difficile de nommer un pays qui n'aurait pas été visité par ce malheur. Souvent, les querelles dynastiques n'étaient qu'un prétexte, et la vraie raison était les contradictions profondes entre les différentes couches sociales, dont les intérêts étaient exprimés par l'une ou l'autre famille noble. Cela s'est passé à Byzance à la fin du XIIe siècle, lorsque le jeune Alexis II était sur le trône et que Marie d'Antioche, hostile aux intérêts du pays, est devenue régente. En relation avec l'impopularité du régent, des troubles ont éclaté, profitant desquels Andronicus, un représentant de la branche latérale de la maison dirigeante de Komnins, est arrivé au pouvoir. Les nobles offensés ont appelé les Normands, qui ont renversé Andronicus et mis Isaac P Angel sur le trône. Il fut à son tour privé du trône par son propre frère (les Byzantins étaient généralement réputés pour leur ruse). Mais ce conflit n'a pas abouti à une confrontation entre les armées des parties belligérantes, comme dans d'autres États. Par exemple, en Russie en 1420-1450. dans les batailles, son oncle, Yuri Dmitrievich, puis ses fils Vasily Kosoy et Dmitry Shemyaka ont contesté le droit au trône du grand-duc de Vasily II.

Derrière l'occasion dynastique se cachait parfois la rivalité ancienne non pas de couches sociales, mais d'États entiers. C'était la guerre de Cent Ans. Les raisons en résidaient dans les contradictions entre les deux pays, et la raison était purement dynastique - les prétentions du roi anglais, petit-fils du roi français Philippe IV le Bel, au trône de France.

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Mais la plus célèbre des querelles dynastiques fut, peut-être en raison de son nom romantique, la guerre des roses écarlates et blanches qui éclata au XVe siècle. En Angleterre. Les troubles et les luttes qui l'ont précédé ont commencé encore plus tôt, à la fin du XIVe siècle. Les seigneurs ruinés tentent de soutenir le pouvoir sortant à l'aide d'armes. Ils ont rassemblé des détachements armés (en fait, de véritables gangs) de parents, de vassaux et de mercenaires et ont commencé à terroriser leurs faibles voisins, à voler sur les routes. Il était presque impossible de rendre justice aux seigneurs puissants. Cela ne leur a rien coûté non seulement d'engager une bagarre lors du procès d'un des « compagnons d'armes », mais aussi d'amener une suite armée de gourdins au parlement. De même les barons, et les princes du sang aspirant au trône, volontiers soutenus par de nobles brigands qui espéraient bénéficier d'un changement de souverain.

En 1399, la dynastie Lancaster est solidement installée sur le trône d'Angleterre : le fils du duc Jean de Lancastre prend le trône de son cousin Richard II Plantagenêt et devient le roi Henri IV Lancastre. Cependant, il ne parvint pas à régner sereinement : incapable de faire face aux troubles baronniaux qui ne s'arrêtèrent pas tout au long de son règne, épuisé par une grave maladie - la lèpre, Henri IV transféra en 1413 la couronne à son fils. Henri V - jeune, talentueux, chanceux - pendant son règne pas trop long, il réussit à prendre part à la guerre de Cent Ans, à vaincre les Français à la bataille d'Azincourt et à faire la paix, selon laquelle le roi d'Angleterre devenait en fait l'héritier au trône de France. Mais Henri V n'a pas eu le temps d'élever son héritier. Lorsqu'il mourut d'une fièvre accidentelle, son fils n'avait que dix mois. Henry VI a grandi au milieu de querelles continues de parents et de tuteurs en lice pour le pouvoir et l'influence. Le règne d'un roi enfant, ainsi que d'un roi qui n'a pas eu le temps d'acquérir un héritier direct, est une période fertile pour ceux qui voudraient devenir eux-mêmes héritiers. Sous Henri VI, le duc Richard d'York (petit-fils d'Edmund York, oncle d'Henri IV), propriétaire de vastes domaines, magnat décisif et puissant avec un grand nombre de partisans, a commencé à revendiquer le trône. Richard York, non sans raison, était craint et tentait de se tenir à l'écart de la cour royale. Cependant, ce n'était pas facile à faire. Henri VI grandit velléitaire et maladif, la favorite de sa femme, l'énergique Marguerite d'Anjou, dirigeait les affaires.


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En 1450, profitant des troubles dans le pays, Richard York quitte arbitrairement le poste de vice-roi d'Irlande, retourne en Angleterre et entame une démonstration de force, parvenant cependant à montrer des sentiments loyaux envers Henri VI. Le duc et ses partisans portèrent le coup principal contre le duc de Somerset, qui jouissait d'un pouvoir illimité sous le couple royal. La Chambre des communes, qui soutenait York, insista pour son expulsion, mais Henri VI fit preuve d'une fermeté enviable. Puis, en 1451, l'un des députés du parlement proposa directement de proclamer Richard York héritier du trône (le roi n'eut pas d'enfants pendant longtemps). En réponse, Henri VI dissout le Parlement et emprisonne le député rebelle dans la Tour. À partir de ce moment, une confrontation ouverte a commencé entre les York, dont les armoiries portaient une rose blanche, et les Lancaster, dont les armoiries portaient une rose écarlate: la guerre des roses écarlates et blanches. Cette rivalité s'est soldée par un massacre sanglant de trente ans.

En août 1453, Henri VI, à la suite d'une forte frayeur, est abîmé dans son esprit. Profitant de cela, Richard York a obtenu pour lui-même la position la plus importante - le protecteur de l'État. Mais la raison revint à Henri VI et la position du duc fut ébranlée. Ne voulant pas se séparer du pouvoir, Richard York rassembla des détachements armés de ses partisans. Il a décidé que la mort sur le champ de bataille valait mieux que la mort sur l'échafaud. En 1455, dans la ville de Saint-Albans, une bataille eut lieu entre les troupes du duc et du roi dans les rues étroites. L'issue de la bataille a été décidée par le jeune partisan d'York, le comte de Warwick, qui, franchissant les clôtures et les jardins avec son peuple, a frappé les troupes royales par l'arrière. En une demi-heure, tout était fini. De nombreux Lancaster - partisans du roi, dont le duc de Somerset, sont morts. Le roi lui-même était entre les mains de Richard d'York. Les parents des seigneurs morts brûlaient de vengeance. Ainsi commença la guerre des roses écarlates et blanches. Après la bataille, des partisans ont été clairement identifiés de chaque côté : les York étaient soutenus par les régions les plus développées du sud-est de l'Angleterre, les marchands londoniens, les citadins - ceux qui étaient intéressés à établir un pouvoir royal fort. Les Lancaster étaient soutenus par les seigneurs féodaux indépendants du nord de l'Angleterre. Cependant, des considérations de gain personnel momentané, la peur de la vengeance et la cupidité ont donné lieu à un grand nombre de traîtres et de transfuges pendant cette guerre.

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