четверг, 28 апреля 2022 г.

News update 28/04/2022 15

La communauté de tous et l'individualité de chacun, une discipline stricte et l'idée de son propre droit individuel, de la violence et de l'ordre ordonné - le Moyen Âge a réussi à combiner ces choses qui semblaient auparavant incompatibles. L'image magique du monde, établie dans l'esprit des Européens après l'effondrement de l'Empire romain, a donné naissance à un organisme social complexe et plein de sang.

L'artiste allemand Albrecht Altdorfer a peint un tableau étrange à la fin du Moyen Âge (en 1510) : « Paysage forestier avec la bataille de Saint-Georges ». Les experts en art se disputent encore sur son contenu et sa signification. Presque tout l'espace de l'image est occupé par l'image d'une forêt sombre et magique qui obscurcit le ciel. Il semble qu'il n'y ait pas de place pour une personne dans cette forêt, il ne peut tout simplement pas être présent dans un paysage aussi effrayant. Mais, en regardant de plus près, nous trouvons dans les profondeurs mêmes du fourré de la forêt une minuscule figure de guerrier équestre, frappant avec une lance non pas tant un terrible, mais un monstre crapaud maladroit. Cette image est peut-être un adieu au Moyen Âge, à l'époque où une personne petite et faible s'opposait à l'immense monde de forces magiques qui échappait à son contrôle. Il a appris à vivre dans ce monde, en restant un homme (sur la photo d'Altdorfer, à côté du site de la bataille, il y a une hutte d'ermite), et non seulement a survécu - mais a gagné. Mais trouver un gagnant dans une vieille peinture allemande est presque aussi difficile que de comprendre le Moyen Âge.


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Les Grecs de l'Antiquité appelaient tous les étrangers des barbares - "marmonnant", ce qui signifie qu'ils parlaient incorrectement ou très mal l'hellénique et, par conséquent, ne connaissaient pas et ne pouvaient pas apprécier les coutumes, les sciences et les arts grecs. Les Hellènes étaient sûrs que tout ce qu'ils créaient était le meilleur et ne se lassaient pas de doutes. Les Égyptiens, les Phéniciens et d'autres peuples, auxquels les Grecs devaient beaucoup, se sont avérés être des barbares, de leur point de vue.


Les Romains considéraient les tribus qui vivaient aux frontières nord et est de l'Empire romain comme des barbares. Quand au 1er siècle AVANT JC. les tribus germaniques ont tenté de traverser le Rhin et d'occuper les terres de la Gaule qui appartenaient à l'empire, les légions de Jules César les ont repoussées et ont construit un mur défensif - "Limes Romanus", qui est devenu la frontière non seulement entre les Romains et le Allemands, mais essentiellement entre deux civilisations - romaine et barbare.


Les Romains appelaient les barbares non seulement les Allemands, mais aussi les Celtes, les Slaves, qui vivaient sur de vastes territoires, étaient engagés dans l'agriculture et l'élevage. Ils cultivaient de l'orge, du blé, du seigle, des légumes (navets, oignons, pois), ainsi que du lin et du chanvre. Ils élevaient des taureaux de trait, des chevaux, des moutons, des chèvres, chassaient des animaux à fourrure, extrayaient du minerai et fondaient des métaux. Tout cela était livré aux villes frontalières de l'Empire romain et échangé contre des esclaves, des armes, des produits de luxe et du vin. Les anciens, qui dirigeaient les clans et les communautés, lors de réunions publiques, appelaient les noms des chefs qui conduiraient les escouades militaires chez les voisins. Les forts ont subjugué les faibles, créant de larges alliances tribales : Alémaniques, Saka, Francs, Goths occidentaux et orientaux, Lombards, Vandales, Bourguignons. La guerre est devenue un métier pour beaucoup d'entre eux. Les Romains appréciaient le courage et la capacité des barbares à manier les armes : de jeunes hommes prisonniers rejoignaient les rangs des gladiateurs, finissant leur vie dans les arènes des cirques romains ; Les hommes libres ont été recrutés pour le service militaire. Au fil du temps, il y avait de plus en plus de barbares dans l'armée romaine, tant parmi les soldats que parmi les commandants. Ils préféraient leurs vêtements et leurs armes à tout ce qui était romain, ils utilisaient leurs propres tactiques et stratégies au combat. Leurs formations ont contribué à de nombreuses victoires remportées par Rome.


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Barbares, à la fois prisonniers et libres, les Romains s'installent sur les terres dévastées par la guerre, les utilisant comme main-d'œuvre. Des barbares riches et bien éduqués sont également apparus dans la société romaine, ce qui leur a permis d'occuper des postes importants à la cour impériale, qui n'était pas étrangère à la mode répandue pour les costumes, les coiffures, le comportement et la conversation barbares. L'empereur Marc-Aurèle-Antonin est entré dans l'histoire sous le nom de Caracalla en raison de sa passion pour les vêtements barbares : les Allemands appelaient un long manteau « caracalla ». Il se trouve que des non-Romains étaient sur le trône de l'Empire romain : les empereurs Dioclétien et Maximien étaient des Illyriens.


Les barbares, qui occupaient une position privilégiée dans l'Empire romain, qui étaient les plus hauts dignitaires, devinrent les véritables dirigeants de l'État, qui traversait une grave crise à la fin du IVe - début du Ve siècle. UN D En témoignent de nombreux cas d'apparition d'usurpateurs qui revendiquent le pouvoir impérial, agitent le peuple, s'emparent des villes et des domaines des riches. Des régions entières ont déclaré leur indépendance vis-à-vis du gouvernement central. L'armée refusa de défendre les intérêts de l'empire et la désertion devint endémique. La vie humaine a perdu de sa valeur.


C'est alors que le renouveau s'amorce aux confins de l'empire.


Les mouvements massifs de tribus, leur invasion de la périphérie sur le territoire de l'Empire romain, qui a conduit à la perte de sa partie occidentale, les historiens ont appelé la "Grande Migration des Peuples". Cela a commencé aux IVe-VIIe siècles, lorsque les nomades d'Asie centrale - les Huns, ayant parcouru de vastes distances en plusieurs siècles, ont atteint les plaines fertiles entre la Volga et le Don. Ici, les descendants des Huns, qui ont oublié la langue et l'histoire de leurs ancêtres, ont changé même extérieurement, mais n'ont pas perdu leur militantisme et leur cruauté dans les batailles avec des ennemis, ont créé une union tribale. Ils ont commencé à s'appeler les Huns, les conquérants des Alains vivant dans le bassin du Don et de nombreux Goths orientaux (Ostrogoths) de la région de la mer Noire. Les représailles des vainqueurs sur les vaincus étaient si terribles que leurs voisins, les Goths occidentaux (Wisigoths), n'ont pas attendu l'heure de leur mort et ont fui sous la protection des fortifications frontalières romaines à travers le Danube vers les terres appartenant aux Romains. Ils ont été installés en Mésie, compte tenu du statut de confédérés - alliés de l'empire, espérant que les fugitifs protégeraient et protégeraient les possessions de l'empire des empiétements des redoutables Huns.


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