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La situation difficile des Séleucides ne manquait pas de profiter des États dépendant d'eux, qui se considéraient libres de toute obligation envers eux. L'empire restauré par Antiochus III s'effondre comme un château de cartes. L'effondrement de l'État séleucide a été facilité par des conflits internes. La dernière tentative d'arrêter ce processus a été faite par Antiochus VII Sides (139-129 av. J.-C.), qui a presque réussi à conquérir la Parthe ! Mais sa campagne se solda par une défaite, et le dernier personnage marquant de la dynastie séleucide se jeta dans l'abîme pour ne pas être capturé. 19 rois de la dynastie séleucide, à commencer par Antiochus V, sont morts d'une mort violente, victimes de conflits dynastiques. La taille du pouvoir, déchiré par des voisins avides, diminuait. Dans les années 80. 1er siècle AVANT JC. Le royaume séleucide tomba sous la domination de la Grande Arménie et, en 63 av. généralement cessé d'exister sous l'assaut puissant des légions du commandant romain Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Pontus a résisté le plus farouchement à l'expansion de Rome en Asie Mineure. Le souverain du Pont, Mithridates VI Eupator, cherchant à étendre son pouvoir et à obtenir son indépendance complète, est entré dans un conflit prolongé avec Rome, qui s'est terminé par la défaite du roi pontique. Mithridate était un souverain typique de l'époque hellénistique. L'une des personnes les plus instruites de son temps, il avait une connaissance approfondie dans le domaine de l'art et de la médecine, parlait vingt-deux langues. Ses talents ont émerveillé l'imagination de ses contemporains. Cependant, ni l'amour pour la culture grecque ni l'éducation n'ont empêché Mithridate en 88 av. ordonner l'extermination d'environ 80 000 Romains en Asie Mineure. Il ne s'est pas arrêté devant le meurtre de proches et même de ses propres enfants. La position stratégique la plus avantageuse parmi les États hellénistiques était occupée par l'Égypte. Presque aucun combat n'a eu lieu sur son territoire. L'affaiblissement progressif de l'Égypte a été causé principalement par des problèmes internes. Le fondateur de la dynastie Ptolémée Ier Lag Soter et ses successeurs ont fait beaucoup d'efforts pour renforcer le pays. Après avoir légèrement modifié l'ancien système administratif, les Ptolémées ont cherché à gouverner selon les coutumes locales : c'est en Égypte que le roi a été déclaré dieu vivant pour la première fois et que les mariages entre frères et sœurs sont devenus fermement ancrés dans la coutume. Cependant, c'est là que l'influence de la culture grecque fut la plus grande. L'Egypte hellénistique est devenue le centre du développement culturel, était célèbre pour ses philosophes, brillait avec son Académie et ses théâtres. Les Grecs qui fuyaient les horreurs de la guerre étaient toujours bien accueillis dans la riche Égypte et, en restant dans le pays, renforçaient les fondements du pouvoir des Ptolémées.
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La lutte pour l'hégémonie sur la mer Égée et les guerres constantes avec les Séleucides ont affaibli l'Égypte, sans lui apporter de sérieux succès. Dirigeants éminents au IIe siècle. AVANT JC. ont quitté la scène historique, et ils ont été remplacés par des souverains dissolus et choyés, peu soucieux du prestige du pays et plus soucieux de leurs propres plaisirs. Dès le 1er siècle AVANT JC. entre les Ptolémées ont commencé des conflits dynastiques. Par cela, l'Égypte attira l'attention de Rome, où ils commencèrent sérieusement à penser à prendre ce riche pays entre leurs mains. A partir des années 50. 1er siècle AVANT JC. L'Égypte est devenue politiquement dépendante de Rome. Mais en 47 av. Jules César, fasciné par la reine égyptienne Cléopâtre VII, confirme l'indépendance de l'Egypte. Après la mort de César, Cléopâtre, soutenue par le commandant romain Marc Antoine, tenta même de restaurer l'ancien pouvoir des Ptolémées. Mais ces rêves ont été brisés après la défaite des troupes d'Antoine et de Cléopâtre à la bataille d'Actium (31 av. J.-C.). En 30 av. Octavian Augustus a déclaré l'Egypte une province romaine. L'ère de l'hellénisme a été achevée par les légions romaines, qui ont presque complètement détruit toutes les formations étatiques issues de l'empire d'Alexandre le Grand. Mais l'héritage hellénistique n'a pas disparu sans laisser de trace. La culture des vaincus a eu un impact énorme sur Rome (voir article "Rome antique").
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