Et les Kirghiz, leurs vainqueurs, après un certain temps, sont eux-mêmes devenus les victimes de leurs sujets - les Khitans. Le temps des victoires militaires pour eux est venu lorsque les chefs du clan Yelü sont arrivés au pouvoir. L'un d'eux, Yelü Ambagyan, occupa le trône du khan et, s'appuyant sur des guerriers dévoués, refusa de le quitter après le mandat pour lequel il fut élu par les anciens. Il a régné pendant neuf ans et a entrepris des campagnes militaires si réussies contre les peuples et les États voisins qu'il s'est avéré être le propriétaire de vastes territoires. Ses héritiers se sont proclamés dirigeants de la dynastie Liao. Il a existé jusqu'en 1125 et est tombé sous les coups des forces combinées de l'état Jurchen de Jin et du royaume chinois de Song, lorsque le dernier empereur khitan est tombé aux mains d'ennemis et que le Grand État de Liao a disparu.
Les plus courageux et les plus irréconciliables des Khitan survivants, dirigés par le prince Blue Dashi, sont allés vers l'ouest et là, parmi les plaines sablonneuses de l'Asie centrale, ils ont créé un nouvel état de Xi Liao - Western Liao, également appelé l'état de la Kara. -Khitans.
Après avoir vaincu les Khitans et proclamé la création de l'État de Jur-Chen, son fondateur Aguda déclara fièrement : « La Maison de Liao appela son État « Acier », c'est-à-dire sa forteresse. Bien que l'acier soit solide, il vieillit et se détériore également. Seul l'or («jing») ne change jamais ou ne se détériore jamais. Les Jurchen appelaient leur empire le Grand Jin.
Seulement 85 ans se sont écoulés et le pouvoir du Grand Jin a été ébranlé. L'une des tribus a refusé de rendre hommage. Les dirigeants envoyèrent immédiatement une armée pour punir les récalcitrants. Mais ils n'avaient pas peur, ils ont rassemblé leurs compagnons de tribu et ont complètement vaincu les punisseurs. Cela s'est produit en 1210 dans des endroits habités par des tribus qui s'appelaient les Mongols et leur dirigeant - Gengis Khan. Les Jurchens, bien sûr, ne savaient pas que dans 24 ans, le Grand Empire Jin tomberait sous les coups d'épées et de nuées de flèches des Mongols intrépides et invaincus.
Une nouvelle page s'ouvrait dans l'histoire des nomades d'Asie centrale, sur laquelle devaient figurer les destins de nombreux peuples d'Asie et d'Europe.
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L'été allemand, court et frais, touchait à sa fin. Publius Quintilius Varus, envoyé pour commander les troupes romaines en Allemagne afin de soumettre les tribus récalcitrantes, de les soumettre au pouvoir du grand César Octave Auguste, était déjà sur le point de transférer les légions pour l'hiver dans un camp fortifié. Mais la mauvaise nouvelle est tombée. L'Allemand Arminius, qui était devenu un ami du peuple romain et avait gagné le grand honneur d'être appelé citoyen romain, rapporta le déclenchement d'une rébellion. Avant le début de l'hiver, il fallait mettre les choses en ordre. Et le Var a traversé la jungle forestière et inondé trois légions, cavalerie et détachements auxiliaires sélectionnés avec un nombre total allant jusqu'à 20 000 personnes.
Les lieux sont sauvages et effrayants (pas comme l'Italie natale), mais il n'y a rien à craindre : les rebelles sont encore loin, et ici les Romains peuvent compter sur l'aide de leur ami Arminius. Mais qu'est-ce que c'est?
Des fourrés denses, et tout droit sortis du sol, comme il semblait aux Romains, des gens blonds et roux sont soudainement apparus, avec des lances, des épées, des haches et des tridents à la main. Ici et là, on voyait des casques de sourds surmontés de redoutables cornes. Allemands!
Une bataille féroce s'ensuivit. Var est un commandant expérimenté, et il considérait ses légionnaires comme les meilleurs au monde, mais à quoi servent l'art et l'entraînement militaires, même s'il n'y a aucun moyen de faire demi-tour en formation de combat ? Ce n'est pas un combat, mais une raclée à ceux qui sont pris au dépourvu !
La bataille a duré trois jours. Aucun des Romains n'a survécu. Et pour le Var cette bataille était la dernière. Savait-il avant sa mort que tout ce qui s'était passé avait été monté par son ami Arminius ?
Plusieurs tribus germaniques l'ont choisi comme chef, même si tout le monde ne lui faisait pas confiance : après tout, il était ami avec les Romains ! Mais Arminius a justifié la confiance de ses compatriotes : politicien intelligent et stratège habile, il a tout prévu, a attiré les Romains dans un piège avec de fausses nouvelles, et les vaillants soldats allemands ont terminé le travail. Personne ne sait combien d'entre eux ont payé de leur propre vie la victoire dans la forêt de Teutoburg.
Mais l'Allemagne n'est jamais devenue une province romaine.
Le nom "Allemands" (germani) a été donné par César à l'une des tribus vivant sur la rive gauche du Rhin. Par la suite, elle s'est étendue à tous les habitants du pays à l'est du Rhin et au nord du Danube, que les Romains ont commencé à appeler l'Allemagne (Ger-mania). Les Allemands eux-mêmes n'utilisaient pas ce mot, et en général ils n'avaient pas de nom qui soit le même pour toutes les tribus.A Kievan Rus dès le 10ème siècle. UN D les mots «Allemagne» et «Allemands» étaient utilisés pour désigner l'État allemand et les Allemands. Aux IIIe-IIe siècles AVANT JC. trois groupes de tribus germaniques se sont formés : nord (en Scandinavie : Sveons, Danois, etc.), est (est de l'Elbe : Goths, Vandales, Bourguignons, etc.) et ouest (entre Rhin et Elbe : Bataves, Angles, Saxons, Germains, Francs, etc.) Allemands. Les premiers sont les ancêtres des Suédois, Danois, Norvégiens et Islandais modernes. Ces derniers ont ensuite été chassés de leur territoire et dispersés, ne laissant que quelques noms sur la carte de l'Europe, par exemple, la région historique de Bourgogne en France. Les descendants des Allemands de l'Ouest sont les Britanniques, les Hollandais, les Allemands.
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L'histoire de la plupart des tribus germaniques est connue à travers leur relation avec Rome. Le premier affrontement entre les Allemands et les Romains a eu lieu en 113 avant JC, lorsque la tribu teutonique a envahi l'Italie, a remporté plusieurs victoires, mais a ensuite été vaincue par les troupes du commandant Gaius Marius. Après cela, la tribu s'est dispersée, mais le souvenir en est resté: pour les Romains, le mot "Teutons" est devenu synonyme du mot "Allemands", est entré dans la tradition littéraire et a ensuite été utilisé en Europe, par exemple, pour décrire le sens du premier État féodal allemand (Regnum Teutonicorum - royaume teutonique), ordre teutonique, etc.
En 58 av. César a vaincu la tribu allemande des Suebi, dirigée par le chef Arioviste. Vers la fin du 1er siècle AVANT JC. les Romains ont réussi à soumettre les Allemands qui vivaient à l'est du Rhin - jusqu'à la rivière Weser, mais à la suite de la victoire remportée par le chef de la tribu Cherusci Arminius dans la forêt de Teutoburg sur les légions de Varus (9 après JC), la frontière entre l'Empire romain et les tribus germaniques a été établie le long du Rhin et du Danube. Le long de cette frontière, les Romains ont érigé un certain nombre de puissantes fortifications et construit des villes qui existent encore : Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), Mogonciacum (Mayence), Augusta Vindelikum (Augsbourg), Regina Castra (Reginsburg), Vindobona (Vienne) et d'autres. Les Romains ont tenu la frontière le long du Rhin et du Danube jusqu'au milieu du IIIe siècle. UN D Le commerce romano-allemand a prospéré. Les Allemands vendaient des esclaves, du bétail, des peaux, des fourrures, de l'ambre aux marchands romains qui visitaient constamment leurs régions, et achetaient principalement des ustensiles ménagers et des armes. De nombreux Allemands ont servi dans l'armée romaine en tant que mercenaires. La civilisation romaine a eu un impact énorme sur le développement historique des Allemands.
A partir de la seconde moitié du III B ; les affrontements militaires entre les Allemands et Rome reprennent. Aux IV-V siècles, lors de la Grande Migration des Nations, les Allemands ont capturé l'ensemble du territoire de l'Empire romain d'Occident. Les soi-disant royaumes barbares des Anglo-Saxons (Grande-Bretagne), des Francs (Gaule), des Alamans (sud-ouest de l'Allemagne), des Wisigoths (Espagne), des Ostrogoths (Italie) ont vu le jour. La tribu allemande des Vandales, passant par la Gaule et l'Espagne, s'empara de l'Afrique du Nord. Un royaume vandale a émergé avec sa capitale à Carthage. En 455, les Vandales ont temporairement pris possession de Rome et ont soumis la ville à une terrible défaite et dévastation, détruit de nombreux monuments culturels et œuvres d'art. C'est de là que vient le terme « vandalisme », qui fait référence à la destruction insensée des valeurs culturelles et matérielles. En 476, Odoacre, chef des mercenaires allemands appelés à défendre l'Italie, renverse Romulus
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