четверг, 28 апреля 2022 г.

News update 28/04/2022 19

Pendant des semaines entières, les mêmes images apparaissent devant les yeux du voyageur : soit des plaines sans limites, chatoyantes de la couleur jaunâtre de l'herbe desséchée de l'an dernier, puis des crêtes noirâtres de rochers soufflés par le vent et le temps, puis des collines en pente douce, sur les sommets desquels se dessine parfois la silhouette d'une antilope aux pieds rapides. Ainsi a écrit un homme qui a voyagé à travers les étendues de l'Asie centrale.

Le tableau, bien sûr, est sombre. Cependant, une telle impression est trompeuse. Ces terres sont le berceau de nombreux peuples de l'antiquité. De là, au fil des siècles, comme d'une forge magique, des héros nomades militants sont apparus, se remplaçant, créant des syndicats et des États qui ont joué un rôle important dans le destin de l'Orient et de l'Occident.

Au début du 1er millénaire av. des tribus d'éleveurs nomades sont apparues dans les steppes d'Eurasie. Se déplaçant tranquillement avec des troupeaux de bovins et des troupeaux de chevaux, ils ont peuplé et colonisé de vastes territoires allant de la région de la mer Noire à l'Asie centrale. La vie et les coutumes les distinguaient nettement des peuples des régions agricoles. Bien plus tard, alors que des États puissants avaient déjà surgi en Europe et en Asie, la vie des nomades semblait rester inchangée. L'historien romain Ammianus Marcellinus a écrit à leur sujet: «Tous ... errent dans des endroits différents, comme des éternels fugitifs, avec des chariots dans lesquels ils passent leur vie. Ici, les femmes leur tissent des vêtements misérables, couchent avec leurs maris, mettent au monde des enfants et les nourrissent jusqu'à l'âge adulte. Personne ne peut répondre à la question de savoir où se trouve sa patrie : il a été conçu en un lieu, né loin de là, élevé encore plus loin. Errant à travers les montagnes et les forêts, on leur apprend dès le berceau à endurer la faim, le froid et la soif.

L'historien a noté la fidélité aux traditions de la vie nomade, ses lois non écrites, caractéristiques de la vie des habitants de la steppe. Ainsi, lors d'affrontements avec des voisins, les hommes se sont armés d'arcs, de flèches, de mi, ont élu un commandant et sont partis en campagne, laissant le ménage aux femmes. La violation de la discipline militaire ou, par exemple, le fait de tirer une arme contre un voisin était passible de la peine de mort. Pour les infractions mineures, le contrevenant était marqué par des coupures au visage.

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Chaque personne savait à quelle tribu clanique il appartenait et où se trouvaient les lieux de ses nomades indigènes, il en était sûr: en cas de malheur, de maladie ou de vieillesse, les parents ne quitteraient pas le malheureux, ils trouveraient toujours de la nourriture et un abri. pour lui.

La dure vie exigeait de se rallier sous la direction des personnes les plus expérimentées qui jouissaient d'une autorité inconditionnelle - les anciens. Eux, par exemple, déterminaient où telle ou telle famille ferait paître son bétail. Seulement selon les idées des non-initiés, les nomades errent au hasard après les troupeaux. Leurs itinéraires et sections sont strictement déterminés par la nature et les anciens: au printemps - vers les montagnes, vers les pâturages d'été, où abondent les herbes alpines et l'eau claire des lacs et des rivières prenant naissance sur les sommets enneigés; en hiver - dans les basses terres protégées du vent et des congères, où l'herbe séchée sur la vigne est conservée jusqu'au printemps - pâturage pour le bétail. Et ainsi d'année en année, de siècle en siècle.

Aux V-IV siècles. AVANT JC. L'Asie centrale était dominée par deux unions tribales - les Huns et les Dunhu. K Sh in. AVANT JC. Les Huns sont devenus les maîtres souverains des steppes, des montagnes et des vallées fluviales. D'immenses troupeaux de vaches, moutons, chèvres, troupeaux de chevaux aux pieds rapides constituaient la principale richesse des nomades des steppes. Le bétail fournissait de la viande, du lait, du beurre, des peaux, du cuir, de la laine pour les tissus, du feutre, c'est-à-dire tout le nécessaire à la vie - nourriture, vêtements, chaussures, matériaux d'habitation. Sur des charrettes en bois tirées par des taureaux, les Huns se déplaçaient librement derrière les troupeaux. Ils savaient fabriquer du cuir, de l'os et de la faïence, travailler les métaux, fabriquer des outils et des armes, ainsi que des bijoux en or et en argent. Ils cultivaient même du mil et en faisaient du pain, mais pas assez. Il n'y avait pas assez de nomades et de tissus. Cependant, ils troquaient ou enlevaient à leurs voisins les deux.

En temps de paix, les tribus Hun étaient sous le contrôle des anciens de 24 clans. Pendant la période des hostilités, les Huns formaient des détachements de combat et tout le pouvoir était concentré entre les mains du chanyu, élu par le conseil des anciens.


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Quand en 209 av. Mode est devenu un chanyu, il a forcé ses compagnons de tribu à une soumission inconditionnelle par la ruse et la cruauté. Une position militaire temporaire a été transformée par lui en titre de souverain suprême. Le trône du shanyu a commencé à être hérité. Mode s'est laissé le contrôle du centre de ses possessions et a transféré les territoires de l'est et de l'ouest aux nommés parmi les proches parents du Chzhuki-Prince et du Luli-Prince.

L'armée de Mode n'a pas connu la défaite. Sur le champ de bataille, il se composait de trois détachements - le centre et deux ailes, chacune connaissant sa tâche. La discipline était de fer : pour l'inconduite d'un seul, plusieurs têtes étaient coupées. En peu de temps, les Huns ont réussi à conquérir et à annexer les tribus et les peuples voisins. Les frontières des possessions de Mode au nord atteignaient le lac Baïkal, à l'ouest - le Turkestan oriental, à l'est - la rivière Liaohe, et au sud, elles s'approchaient des terres de la Chine.

Les Huns sont devenus un véritable désastre pour la dynastie chinoise des Han. Les nomades ne pouvaient être arrêtés ni par des barrières tissées de saule, ni par des fossés profonds, ni par des murs de forteresse. A leur approche, la population, laissant son bétail et ses biens, cherche à se cacher derrière les murs des fortifications, et les soldats reçoivent un ordre strict : défendre la forteresse de l'intérieur, en aucun cas s'impliquer au corps à corps combat ou poursuite. Les commandants chinois avaient déjà une expérience amère de la lutte contre les nomades: les Huns attaquaient avec de petites forces, attiraient les Chinois sous la protection des murs de la forteresse et, faisant semblant de prendre la fuite, attiraient les poursuivants à l'emplacement de leurs forces principales. . Même la Grande Muraille de Chine, cet ouvrage monumental et très coûteux, s'est avéré inutile, incapable de protéger ses bâtisseurs. Il n'y avait pas assez de guerriers du Céleste Empire pour le défendre, mais quelqu'un d'autre devait combattre les Huns et attraper les transfuges...

Reconnaissant le pouvoir des Huns, la Chine a tenté d'obtenir la faveur de leurs dirigeants. Lorsque Mode envoya un chameau, deux chevaux de selle et deux chevaux quadruples à l'empereur chinois, il reçut une robe brodée, une robe de brocart, un chapelet de cheveux dorés, une ceinture ornée d'une boucle en os de rhinocéros et dix pièces de soie. comme cadeau de retour. En 162 avant JC L'empereur Xiao Wen-di envoya un message à Laoshan-Giyu, fils de Mode, dans lequel il écrivit : « Han et Xiongnu sont deux états adjacents et égaux. Mais les Huns n'étaient pas satisfaits de cela. Ils voulaient recevoir du pain, des tissus, des produits métalliques et des produits de luxe de Chine en échange de bétail, de chevaux, de laine, de peaux, de cuir et de feutre. Les guerres n'ont pas cessé.

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